Purging is not recommended as a continuous part of vent stack operation. However, maintenance activity is a transient event and it’s prudent and recommended to purge a vent system prior to performing maintenance. It’s always possible that hydrogen could be leaking internally from a valve or other component and therefore create a hazard. Of particular note, care must be taken that proper…
Hydrogen flames can be nearly invisible in daylight, especially at low flowrates. The concentration of hydrogen does not have much effect on the color of the flame. Many hydrogen incidents or fires will have a bright orange hue, or even yellow flames. The color is primarily caused by contaminants that is either naturally in the air in certain environments, swept into the air during the release…
NFPA 2 provides Tables in Chapters 7 and 8 that specify the hazardous area classifications surrounding vent stack outlets. These are based on typical vent systems and flows, but are only applicable for smaller systems. The designer of a vent system should apply the principles of documents such as IEC 60079-10-1 (also required by NFPA 2) or NFPA 497 to evaluate larger vent releases where the…
Hydrogen vent stack fires can create NOx. While not typical, certain municipalities will require air permits to address the emissions from hydrogen flare systems, and even from intermittent ignition of vent stacks. This is highly dependent on the location and interpretation of regulations. A hydrogen flare system is much more likely to require an air permit than a standard vent system.
Spraying water onto a vent stack, either for gaseous hydrogen or liquid hydrogen, is not recommended. While this is prohibited within the code for liquid hydrogen due to the much greater hazard of plugging the vent system, it also presents hazards for gaseous vents as well. The water can enter the vent system and plug due to ambient conditions. In addition, if the water was sufficient to…
We are not aware of a study for blended NG/H2. However, for high concentrations of NG, the vent system should be similar to NG, which still recommends a vent system as NG is less dense than air. For nearly pure hydrogen the recommendations of this presentation are in effect.
The answer is dependent upon the nature of the system and a hazard assessment which evaluates a balance of risk.
Keeping the hydrogen in the vessel is better so the hydrogen release does not compound the original hazard. Large flowrates from vessels can create significant risk of vapor cloud explosion, jet explosion, or radiation exposure. Vent systems can also fail from poor…
Heat tracing can be used as a safeguard against freezing. However, it must be understood that:
Rupture discs open very rapidly. Historically, rupture discs opening at high pressure (1000 psig and above) have caused the most damage due to deflagration/detonation. Timing a rupture disc would not be possible. Additionally, how would you have a pilot light on a moving tube trailer? Even with a pilot light at the end of the stack may blow out due to the initial high velocity.
See…
Yes, numerous incidents have occurred where frozen air (which contains oxygen) has built up within a hydrogen process or vent system. These incidents with vent systems incorporate more than just a vent stack, but include a vent system consisting of additional atmospheric equipment (such as a tank) where the equipment stays cold and allows air into the system in contact with a cold hydrogen…
We are the leaders in the building industries and factories. We're word wide. We never give up on the challenges.