In the future, refining, petrochemical, and chemical industries need to review material verification programs to ensure that the maintenance procedures include sufficient controls and positive material identification (PMI) testing to prevent improper material substitutions in hazardous process systems.

Human Factors Based Design
Designers should consider the entire process system life cycle, including planned maintenance, to avoid piping configurations that allow critical alloy piping components to be interchanged with non-compatible piping components.

Positive Material Verification Programs
In-situ alloy steel material verification using x-ray fluorescence or non-destructive material testing is an accurate, inexpensive, and fast PMI test method. Facility owners, operators, and maintenance contractors should ensure that the verification program requires PMI testing, such as specified in API Recommended Practice 578, or other suitable verification process, for all critical-service alloy steel piping components that are removed and reinstalled during maintenance.

At a minimum, piping components and their respective locations should be tagged or marked before removal, and the correct installed location should be verified after reinstallation.