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NFPA 2 Annex G provides a summary of the conflicts with 29 CFR 1910.103. This is language that has been in NFPA 55 for several cycles as this conflict has existed for many years. The requirements in the Federal Regulations were established in the early 1970s. Since that time, OSHA has not had sufficient resources to update the applicable provisions.

The primary difference between OSHA…

Category: System Design
Keywords: Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), NFPA, Separation Distance, Regulations, Codes

Fuels like gasoline are exempt from OSHA process safety management (PSM) requirements. When asked about the applicability for hydrogen storage larger than 10,000 lb (4500 kg) being used as a fuel, OSHA responded with an interpretation that can be found at https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/…

1.    As of January 2024, we are not aware of any public data on incidents or investigations where a hydrogen fired steam boiler exploded.

2.    The potential for detonations within a boiler tube would depend on both the equivalence ratio of the hydrogen present and the diameter of the boiler tube.
a.    At a minimum, if the circumference of the tube is…

Category: Explosions
Keywords: Detonation, Deflagration, Equipment, Explosion, DDT

The “Hydrogen Ready Appliances Assessment Report” published by the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) in February, 2023, is one of the most recent studies on this topic.  Several key items from the report pertaining to this question include the following:

1.    “There appears to be growing consensus that blends of up to 20% or perhaps even 30% are…

Category: Properties
Keywords: Hydrogen, Blending, Appliances, Residential, Flame, Odor

Equation 6.3.1.1 in CGA S1.3 is based on modeling to API methods described in: Heitner, T. Trautmauis, and M. Morrissey, “Relieving Requirements for Gas Filled Vessels Exposed to Fire,” 1983 Proceedings-Refining Department, Volume 62, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 112-122.

This method considers the transient nature of the vessel warming in combination with the…

Category: Pressure Relief Devices
Keywords: Pressure Relief Device, Relief valve, Rupture Disc, Orifice size

API 520, Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices Part I - Sizing and Selection, was written for use in the process industries in gas and liquid service.

CGA S1.3, Pressure Relief Device Standards-Part 3-Stationary Storage Containers for Compressed Gases was written for fixed equipment in gas service.

Which standard to use depends on the choice by the owner…

Category: Pressure Relief Devices
Keywords: Pressure Relief Device, Relief valve, Rupture Disc, Orifice size, CGA, API

Pressure relief systems may use reclosing devices like relief valves, non-reclosing devices like rupture discs, or a combination of both in parallel. Some systems may also be equipped with emergency blowdown systems that are operated by control systems. Selection of the proper devices is dependent on the system design and relative hazards. Variables that affect the selection include the type…

Category: Pressure Relief Devices
Keywords: Pressure Relief Device, Relief valve, Rupture Disc, System Design, Installation
Category: Lab Equipment
Keywords: Laboratory, Materials, Piping, tubing, Outdoors, Storage, Separation Distance, indoors, Fire Protection, System Design, ignition energy, ignite, Fire, Explosion, Purge, Nitrogen, Helium, forming gas, environment, Vent, fume hood, Vent Stack, Tools, Non-Sparking, flammable, Hazards Analysis, consequences, Risk, emergency response, joint, compression fitting, Cylinder, Storage
Category: Miscellaneous
Keywords: ignite, Static Charge, Electrolyzer, Ignition, Electrical Classification, Release, Vent Stack, Vent, atmosphere, flare, Fire, Separation Distance, flame arrestor, toroidal ring, Airfield, Pipeline, Materials, Compatibility, cast iron, Piping, Leak, Gas detector, calibration detector, portable, Outdoors, truck, attributes, set point, extinguish, Explosion, deluge, Relief, TPRD, indoors, threshold, Natural Gas, Blending, material compatibility, odorant, PRD, Pressure, mobile, Helium, Fueling Station, railroad, train, Oxygen, overpressure, Korea, composite, Tank, Cylinder, Laboratory, Odor, Fuel Cells, Conversion, delayed ignition, Jet Fire, Hazards Analysis, jacketed, barriers, Liquid, Residential, furnace, Risk, Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), emergency response, Deflagration, Detonation, training, Underground, Storage, Tube Trailer, Fueling Station, gasoline, diesel, electric charging, rupture panel, Instruments, Valves, Actuator, Procedure, Dispersion, model

The Panel recommends performing a pressure test at 110% of design pressure. This requirement should be applied to all systems regardless of construction type since the intent is to ensure pressure integrity and proper installation. All fitting types have modes of failure during installation. For example, there are numerous examples where compression fittings have had ferrules installed…

Category: Piping
Keywords: Piping, Leak, Testing, Pneumatic
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