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Example safety guidelines are listed below but may not be all-inclusive (e.g., they do not cover general practices such as lockout/tagout, management of change, job safety analysis), and most are the same as for gaseous hydrogen. Also reference NFPA 2 and CGA documents such as H-3, H-5, and H-7. Additional safety training material can also be found on the following link to courses and…

Category: Miscellaneous
Keywords: Liquid, Safety, Guidelines, Operating

This can be a complex problem and response to insulation failure should be considered in the emergency response guidelines and procedures. 
First, a tank with an insulation failure may boil off at an elevated rate which applicable codes build into the relief device and vent system design.
Second, ice and oxygen enriched liquefied air can form where inadequately insulated surfaces…

Category: Storage
Keywords: Storage, Oxygen, Leak, Safety, Tank

This is not an easy question since many factors influence how much hydrogen can be transferred from one vessel at a higher pressure to another one at a lower pressure and the rate at which it can be transferred. The pressure in the higher vessel will fall while that in the lower vessel will rise as gas is transferred, so the flow rate will typically slow down and eventually stop as the…

Category: Properties
Keywords: Properties, Density, Volume, FC Vehicles, Fueling Station

It varies slightly due to different density of LH2 at different temperatures, but a gallon of LH2 at atmospheric pressure (0 psig) is ~113 SCF of H2. The expansion ratio is about 840:1. In metric units, a liter of LH2 at atmospheric pressure (0 MPa) would expand to about 840 liters of STP of gaseous pressure.

Category: Properties
Keywords: Properties, Density, Volume, Leak

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the Compressed Gas Association (CGA), and the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE)   represent the U.S. fire protection and engineering community, and these organizations publish handbooks and standards/guidelines that describe the properties of hydrogen. There are many other organizations and documents that provide similar…

Category: Properties
Keywords: Properties, Fire, Explosion, Detonation, Deflagration

This is an impossible question to answer without greater understanding of the quantities of hydrogen involved, the types of vessels involved, and the atmospheric conditions. Several companies offer software to model such releases. It’s important to note that there is a high probability of ignition either during the vessel rupture or from nearby ignition sources.

Category: Properties
Keywords: Properties, Dispersion, Storage

Vaporization of a trapped volume of LH2 will lead to significant increase in pressure due to the very large expansion ratio as the liquid converts to gas. Relief devices are required since the pressure increase is likely to be far in excess of the pressure rating of the system. When vaporized as part of a flowing process, pressure will not increase. As the LH2 is warmed, it undergoes a phase…

Category: Properties
Keywords: Properties, Vaporization

A pressure of 600 kPa (87 psi) is relatively moderate, so the combustion properties are similar to those at atmospheric pressure where the autoignition temperature of hydrogen is 585°C. 

Category: Properties
Keywords: Properties, Auto-Ignition, Flammability
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