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Explosions, Lab Equipment, Properties

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Explosions, Lab Equipment, Properties

Most common odorants will contaminate fuel cells. Additionally, hydrogen's small molecule and high buoyancy make it challenging to find a compatible odorant. Research is being conducted on fuel cell compatible odorants, but there are none currently in use. Like liquefied natural gas, liquid hydrogen also can’t be odorized due to its cryogenic temperature.

Category: Properties
Keywords: Odorant, Odor

Cylinders used within a laboratory can be used safely by meeting the requirements prescribed in NFPA 2,
Hydrogen Technologies Code, and NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals.
Special consideration should be given to both safe handling and storage of cylinders. Regarding lecture
size cylinders, their small size can make them susceptible to damage and…

Category: Lab Equipment
Keywords: Cylinder, NFPA 2, NFPA 45

Hydrogen flames can be nearly invisible in daylight, especially at low flowrates. The concentration of hydrogen does not have much effect on the color of the flame. Many hydrogen incidents or fires will have a bright orange hue, or even yellow flames. The color is primarily caused by contaminants that is either naturally in the air in certain environments, swept into the air during the release…

Category: Properties
Keywords: Fire, Flame

Yes, small flowrate vents may be invisible, particularly in daylight. Sometimes it may still be possible to see heat striations in the air from the heat generated by the fire, but it can be difficult to discern at low flowrates. 

Category:
Keywords: Vent, Flame, Flow

Several organizations published a paper together on this topic in 2017 (see attached). Based on comparisons with tests and CFD simulations, the following conclusions were drawn:

  1. The gas concentration for vapor cloud explosion blast load calculations for H2 jets can be limited to approximately 10% to 75%. Note that testing for H2-air VCEs in congested environments has been performed…
Category: Explosions

The “Hydrogen Ready Appliances Assessment Report” published by the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) in February, 2023, is one of the most recent studies on this topic.  Several key items from the report pertaining to this question include the following:

1.    “There appears to be growing consensus that blends of up to 20% or perhaps even 30% are…

Category: Properties

1.    As of January 2024, we are not aware of any public data on incidents or investigations where a hydrogen fired steam boiler exploded.

2.    The potential for detonations within a boiler tube would depend on both the equivalence ratio of the hydrogen present and the diameter of the boiler tube.
a.    At a minimum, if the circumference of the tube is…

Category: Explosions

Even if a small experiment is being run inside a fume hood, the best practice is to use a dedicated vent line for hydrogen which vents hydrogen to a safe location outside.  This is especially recommended for planned venting.   This practice avoids situations where flammable mixtures could develop. Each system is unique and should be evaluated and approved for  use independently…

Category: Lab Equipment
Keywords: Laboratory, Venting

A design condition for vent stacks is to always assume that the hydrogen will ignite. The stack musts be designed such that it can withstand those conditions as well as minimize radiation to surrounding personnel and exposures. Although hydrogen fires have comparatively low radiation compared to hydrocarbon fuels, the radiation from large releases from vent stacks can be quite high. Documents…

Category: Properties

The purity required will be a function of the end use application. There are a variety of grades of hydrogen that can be purchased. The H2 purity will also vary based on source (GH2 or LH2) and production method. CGA G-5.3, Commodity Specification for Hydrogen, lists several typical purities of both liquid and gaseous hydrogen. Standard GH2 available from most suppliers is 99.95% hydrogen.…

Category: Properties
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