Integrated Safety Management (ISM) is a comprehensive process that systematically reviews a company's or project's requirements. Programs are evaluated to identify similarities and gaps in requirement implementation. ISM provides the justification to coordinate and eliminate duplicated efforts. Proactive incorporation of new or revised requirements is possible; thus new reaction-based programs are avoided. This improves safety and reduces compliance costs. In addition, the ISM gap identification process helps reduce potential liabilities and improves hazard management. Hydrogen industries and demonstration projects must comply with multiple statues, rules, regulations, codes and standards. These requirements are typically developed to address a specific topic (e.g., public safety, environmental protection, or worker health). Companies and projects have developed many programs to address each topic as new requirements are identified or added. This results in multiple programs that have similar but uncoordinated procedures. The Savannah River Site (SRS) is a Department of Energy nuclear production facility in Aiken, South Carolina. A wide variety of laboratory, industrial, chemical and nuclear operations have been conducted since it was built in the early 1950's. Within this mix of activities is a varied set of overlapping requirements. This paper describes how SRS has successfully blended safety, health, nuclear/radiation safety, emergency preparedness and environmental programs using the ISM process. The paper also describes how ISM has been applied to a hydrogen demonstration project. This program has widespread applicability to other companies, facilities and projects that face multiple safety and regulatory requirements.

The development of industrial scale ionic liquid based flow sheets is the anticipated outgrowth of fundamental ionic liquid research. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) and Engineering Sciences and Applications (ESA) Divisions at Los Alamos National Laboratory are continuing the development of advanced uranium Decontamination and Conversion (D&C) systems based on the electrolytic stripping of plutonium contaminated uranium surfaces. Development of the aqueous D&C flow sheet has presented several challenges. Chief among these is the need to mitigate the safety concerns associated with the generation of hydrogen during electrolysis. We have found that the effectiveness of the stripping process is in some cases limited by film formation on the uranium anode. The aqueous flow sheet is further complicated by the requirement for pH control throughout the run, and by the ill-defined plutonium baring hydrolysis residues. Our presentation will focus on the preliminary development work toward an ionic liquid based alternative to the current aqueous process.

In view of its infinite source potential and virtually pollutant-free oxidation properties hydrogen fuel offers the promise of an eventual freedom from energy crisis and environmental degradations. But its temperamental combustion characteristics need some fuel-related safety precautions to be specifically adopted. This paper broadly discusses the unique flammability properties of hydrogen as a fuel with particular emphasis on these properties to engine application. Extensive experimental investigation in IIT, Delhi shows that mixture formation and subsequent fuel induction technique must be appropriately designed to cater to the severe thermal environment in the combustion chamber. Overall system design in respect of flammability limits, minimum ignition energy and diffusivity must also take into account problems of leakage and ventilation. Fuel transfer lines, selection and installation of mechanical components (such as flanges and valves), material selections and piping connections are discussed from safety point of view. Evaluation of the safety hazards under realistic operating conditions show that hydrogen does hardly exhibit any additional risk, as compared to petroleum-based fuels.

The main diffusion processes that are in devices for testing of transformer oil for gas chromatography are considered. The estimation of time for safety storage of most movable gas in transformer oil - hydrogen in several types of syringe, is shown. It is obtained that the most suitable device is "Elchrom", where used both glass frame of syringe and glass plunger. Besides it has PTFE sealing gasket that lead to the safety of the gas in probing during more than one month. The equilibration time for gas in oil and gas in gas phase is estimated for some devices of gas extraction.

A main objective of the EIHP was the development of draft regulations for hydrogen vehicles. These documents will be presented to WP29 of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), a UN organisation in Geneva, in the first half of 2000. The EIHP [1] aims at creating the basis for the harmonisation of the necessary legislation in Europe for the use of hydrogen in road vehicles. The work has been undertaken by the partners in close co-operation with the licensing authorities and is based on a dual strategy: analysis of existing hydrogen related legislation in Europe, Japan and the USA, and analyses of existing hydrogen vehicles and infrastructure in Europe complemented by safety studies. Proposals for improved safety concepts were developed as well as concepts for standardised vehicle components, infrastructure components and pre-normative regulations, and where necessary the proposal of further investigations. Open questions of hydrogen fuelled vehicles were addressed and approval authorities were familiarised with hydrogen technology. In a project related public mid-term workshop [2], held in Brussels in March of 1999, project partners and interested European authorities and specialists exchanged views on the approach of the project and on safety, licensing and approval issues. The work is jointly funded by the partners and by the European Commission to a maximum of 50%2of the total budget of 2.5 MEuro [3].

Recent advances in PEM fuel cell systems have demonstrated their role in the production of clean and efficient power. However, due to complexities and safety concerns in the storage and transport of hydrogen, development of on-board fuel processing of hydrocarbon into hydrogen is being considered a critical issue in the success of the fuel cell technology in transportation application. In this paper; a novel concept of scalable silicon micro-reactor with an integrated platinum heater is developed for preferential CO oxidation. The performance of the micro-reactor is assessed and compared to a packed-bed reactor model. Complementary experimental and modeling efforts are made to identify the optimal thermal design parameters. It is demonstrated that the silicon micro-reactors successfully achieves the objectives of scalability without suffering from loss of efficiency due to the mass transfer limitations.

Analytic methods used to establish thermal radiation hazard safety boundaries from ignited hydrogen plumes are based on models previously developed for hydrocarbon jet fires. Radiative heat flux measurements of small- and medium-scale hydrogen jet flames (i.e., visible flame lengths

Hydrogen Free Black Castables (ie, HFBC) have been designed for eradicating the safety risk due to hydrogen formation during installation in blast furnace troughs. They contain no metallic component so that no hydrolysis reaction generates hydrogen during curing. Comparison of several characteristics, ie, cold physical properties, drying aptitude, oxidation and corrosion resistance, between the HFBC and the ULCC versions of a 25%2SiC containing castable are presented. Flowing properties of HFBC leads to an optimal placement under vibration with no risk of voids formation and lamination during installation in a BF runner. Based on gas permeability and strength development considerations, drying as fast as a conventional ULCC castable releasing hydrogen is expected. The castable presents also much better resistance to cracking when applied on a hot surface. HFBC develops low mechanical strength after sintering, leading to advantages in term of wreak-ability and consequently to a lower consumption of non-corroded lining during runner cleaning. The sensitivity to carbon oxidation is also reduced mainly because of the oxidation inhibitor system. Finally, the results point out that the HFBC resistance to corrosion is better, leading to expect an improvement of lifetime during operation.

Over the past 20 years there have a number of instances where nuclear power plant operators have discovered gas voids-typically air but occasionally other gases such as undissolved hydrogen- in fluid systems whose function is important to reactor safety. These systems have included emergency core cooling systems, decay heat removal systems, and containment spray systems. The amount of gas has, in some cases, been sufficient to call into question the operability of the systems; had they been needed. The automatic initiation of a system with a gas void present may lead to gas binding of its pumps, or destructive water hammer. The sources of the gas have been various and not readily controlled. The need for licensees to manage gas accumulation has been formally identified in an NRC generic letter (1). The letter points out a need for continuous monitoring, to detect and quantify gas voids in these systems, thereby to ensure their availability in accordance with design basis requirements. The letter further notes that periodic functional tests of the critical systems will not provide the required assurance of operability, if a periodic test finds a system's functionality questionable because of gas accumulation, the question of how long its operability has been compromised is unanswered. The system described in this paper-the Linewatch Gas Void Detection System- addresses these issues definitively It provides the means to detect the onset of void formation in any one of multiple pipes in multiple systems on a continuous basis and, following void formation, the means to quantify the amount of these voids, again continuously.

The initial phase of civil construction has begun on a new Linac Experimental Facility at Fermilab with beneficial occupancy anticipated in fall, 2003. This facility is being designed for multipurpose use by establishing direct and independent control over incident beam parameters; for example, pulse duration from 1 - 50 musec, and beam transverse sizes from 1 - 15 cm (95%2of beam). The facility will be capable of accepting up to the full Fermilab Linac beam intensity (1.6 x 10(13) protons/pulse 15 Hz) making it one of the few areas where a primary beam is available for high intensity experiments. The purpose of the facility initially is to test the basic techniques and components proposed for muon ionization cooling in a proton beam judged equivalent in impact to a muon beam for a Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider. As such, the facility will provide the advanced cyogenic capability and safety systems required to perform R&D on liquid hydrogen targets. However, parallel future experiments are invited and, as a general facility, many areas of physics including radiation, medical, nuclear, atomic and beam diagnostics and control will be supported.