The US military is a heavy user of energy both in mobile applications and for its large infrastructure base. One US installation, Fort Leonard Wood, is a training center for all the US services (Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine, and Coast Guard) as well as a school center for the Corps of Engineers, Military Police, and '' Chemical '' (read as chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives defense) branches of the Army. The installation is also an international crossroad with many nations' officers training there and permanent military liaison missions from several NATO countries. The University of Missouri is located near the installation and operates a technology park on the military base. The University is engaged is a series of alternative energy projects with the US military to make Fort Leonard Wood. an alternative energy '' poster child '' which means both a test bed and a model operation for emulation. The projects include the use of hydrogen as a transportation fuel. The hydrogen initiatives are to address the challenge of ensuring reliable, domestic, diverse energy sources while reducing US dependence on foreign oil and protecting the environment, the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) is establishing a Hydrogen Center to research and develop technologies for the next generation hydrogen-powered transportation systems.

In the context of temporary near-surface or reversible deep geological storage of intermediate-level radioactive waste (ILW), most wastes package concepts comprise an external container made of fiber reinforced concrete, receiving several primary waste packages. Self-irradiation of encapsulating and/or embedding matrices can lead to continuous production of hydrogen which, for obvious safety reasons, must be removed from the container. Previous studies have demonstrated that gas transport depends on two interdependent factors: the water saturation and the microstructural properties of the material. Most techniques used to investigate cement paste porosity require drying of the cement paste prior to the test, which can modify the material microstructure and does not permit the localization of the aqueous phase in the material with various degrees of saturations. This paper focuses on the characterization of pores in cement paste by thermoporometry. The technique, based on the thermodynamic conditions of the melting-solidification reactions of a condensate inside a porous body, provides a simple method for determining the pore size distribution in saturated cement pastes. The results obtained on cement pastes of different formulations with different types of cement are discussed in term of material microstructure and compared with those obtained by other techniques.

E158 is a fixed target experiment at SLAC in which high energy (up to 48 GeV) polarized electrons are scattered off the unpolarized electrons in a 1.5 m long liquid hydrogen target. The total volume of liquid hydrogen in the system is 471. The beam can deposit as much as 700 W into the liquid hydrogen. Among the requirements for the system are: that density fluctuations in the liquid hydrogen be kept to a minimum, that the target can be moved out of the beam line while cold and replaced to within 2 mm, and that the target survive lifetime radiation doses of up to 1 x 10(6) Gy. The cryogenic system for the experiment consists of the target itself, the cryostat containing the target, a refurbished CTI 4000 refrigerator providing more than 1 kW of cooling at 20 K and associated transfer lines and valve boxes. This paper discusses the requirements, design, construction, testing and operation of the cryogenic system. The unique features of the design associated with hydrogen safety and the high radiation field in which the target resides are also covered.

Liquid hydrogen targets have played a vital role in the physics program at SLAC for the past 40 years. These targets have ranged from small "beer can" targets to the 1.5 m long E158 target that was capable of absorbing up to 800 W without any significant density changes. Successful use of these targets has required the development of thin-wall designs, liquid hydrogen pumps, remote positioning and alignment systems, safety systems, control and data acquisition systems, cryogenic cooling circuits and heat exchangers. Detailed operating procedures have been created to ensure safety and operational reliability. This paper surveys the evolution of liquid hydrogen targets at SLAC and discusses advances in several of the enabling technologies that made these targets possible.

There is increasing interest in the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. A hydrogen delivery system is required, and one solution is its addition to existing natural gas pipeline networks. A major concern is the explosion hazard may be increased should an accidental release occur, and this paper presents results from the mathematical modelling of confined, vented explosions of mixtures of methane with 0%2 20%2and 50%2hydrogen dilution by volume. The flow field in an explosion was predicted through solution of the averaged forms of the Navier-Stokes equations, with these equations closed using both k-epsilon and second-moment turbulence models. Accurate representation of the turbulent burning velocity of the various mixtures was necessary, and this was achieved using correlations obtained from the analysis of extensive experimental data sets on H(2)-CH(4) mixtures. Results, derived for explosions in a 70m(3) confined vessel with and without pipe congestion, demonstrate that hydrogen addition can have a significant effect on overpressure generation, particularly if turbulence generating obstacles are present.

Detection of hydrogen gas is a crucial task for establishing safety and reliability of fuel cells, a key technology for the environment and our society. However, hydrogen is difficult to detect and various hydrogen sensors have many drawbacks. Here we report a novel hydrogen gas sensor, the ball surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor, using Pd or PdNi sensitive film. The ball SAW sensor is based on a novel phenomenon, diffraction-free propagation of collimated beam along an equator of sphere. The resultant ultra-multiple roundtrips of SAW makes it possible to achieve highest sensitivity among SAW sensors. Moreover, it enables to use a very thin sensitive film, and consequently the shortest response time (2s) was realized. In terms of the sensing range, it has the widest range of 10 ppm to 100 %2among any hydrogen sensors including FET or resistivity sensors. The ball SAW sensor can be applied not only to hydrogen but also to any gasses and possibly to liquids.

In generators operation, the hydrogen purity is an important monitoring indictor. The change of the purity affects unit safety operation directly. Hydrogen purity of one #2 generator unit drop quickly. Determining how to find the main factors is the main objective. Primarily, it was analyzed that the main reason of hydrogen purity decrease was the air enter the sealing oil system. Though analyzing DCS history curve, as well as temperature detection test, channeling oil test, and checking the system pressure, finally there were two reasons, one is fill oil valve leakage fault, the two is the oil pressure difference of hydrogen side and air side in balance valve are too large, causing the oil channeling from air side to hydrogen side.

This paper use a welding simulation plate to simulate the hydrogen reactor overheat process, and measure it's mechanics properties, CTOD, da/dN. contrasting SA387 or 15CrMo character under normal temperature, hydrogen reactor material and safety condition may be identified.