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Precautions applicable to oxy-acetylene torches are likely applicable here and are a good starting point. Recommendations for the hardware are best provided by the cylinder supplier, and all these parts can be purchased from their respective catalog. All three devices in the question should have UL listings, FM approvals, or some other nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL) listing,…
The HSP discourages the use of this type of piping for hydrogen despite the low likelihood of ignition within the pipe itself. The polyethylene film can indeed develop a charge and, depending on the film thickness and substrate wall material, will eventually produce an electrostatic discharge. Since the nominal hydrogen concentration is so high (and assuming the purge-in and purge-out…
This is an interesting question because of the special considerations associated with the H2-air mixture flashback scenario during turbine startup and shutdown. In-line deflagration arresters and detonation arresters for H2-air mixtures are different than those for most other fuels and need to be certified for use with hydrogen. They are commercially available, and NFPA 69 has a good chapter…
ASTM might be the best point of contact for crafting this test. The ASTM F38 Committee on Unmanned Aircraft Systems is probably the best source of information on drone airworthiness criteria. They have a subcommittee developing a standard on fuel cell drone safety. One Panel member has been involved in a test with an LD vehicle tank filled with hydrogen that was dropped 60m onto a concrete pad…
LNG storage, plumbing, and other systems can’t be directly retrofitted to handle hydrogen. The LNG components and systems will need to be removed and replaced with equipment specifically designed for hydrogen. If the concept is to convert existing equipment or an existing ship, then it’s probably impossible. If it’s to convert an existing LNG design on paper, then it’s probably impractical.…
Type 1 steel tanks can be cut with a welding torch, so they can definitely be impacted by flame impingement. Above 400-500 C° the material properties of steel will start to degrade.
It is challenging to protect a vessel, either Type 1 steel or composite Type 2, 3, or 4 from an impinging fire since the safety devices may not see the elevated temperatures in the area of impingement.…
It is common to have combustible materials and fuels in a building during construction activities. Commissioning is typically considered part of construction. It is good to see that fire suppression is available. However, given the lack of alarm capabilities, it would seem prudent to have a fire watch posted when hazardous materials are present or being used. Regarding requirements, the…
In addition to ANSI/CSA FC1-2014, search for fuel cells in the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Codes & Standards
or H2Tools Bibliography sections.
Liquid hydrogen is much less likely to pool than liquified natural gas (LNG) due to its low heat of vaporization. Very large facilities are often equipped with methods to enhance vaporization, such as crushed stone under tanks, as well as diversion systems to allow liquid hydrogen to spill and boil off in a safe area. Care needs to be taken that diversion systems do not create a hazardous…
By definition, liquid hydrogen can BLEVE, but this is highly unlikely. Liquid hydrogen is stored in a double wall tank with vacuum insulation. This protects the primary pressure vessel from direct impingement and the very cold liquid provides self-cooling of the vessel walls. Tanks are also equipped with redundant pressure relief systems that are sized for fire exposure.
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