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Double pipes can be used in certain circumstances to reduce the likelihood of external leaks and increase
the likelihood of detection by monitoring the space between the two pipes. Vacuum jacketed piping is
double walled and is used in liquid hydrogen service to provide insulation. While not equipped with gas
detection in the annular space, loss of vacuum is used to indicate an…

Category: Piping
Keywords: Double Pipes, Leak Detection, Vacuum Jacketed Piping

Liquid hydrogen is much less likely to pool than liquified natural gas (LNG) due to its low heat of vaporization. Very large facilities are often equipped with methods to enhance vaporization, such as crushed stone under tanks, as well as diversion systems to allow liquid hydrogen to spill and boil off in a safe area. Care needs to be taken that diversion systems do not create a hazardous…

Category: Storage
Keywords: Liquid Hydrogen, Vaporization

By definition, liquid hydrogen can BLEVE, but this is highly unlikely. Liquid hydrogen is stored in a double wall tank with vacuum insulation. This protects the primary pressure vessel from direct impingement and the very cold liquid provides self-cooling of the vessel walls. Tanks are also equipped with redundant pressure relief systems that are sized for fire exposure.

Category: Storage
Keywords: Liquid Hydrogen, Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), Vacuum insulation

Underground storage tanks can be either installed in a vault or directly buried. Both offer additional
protection from external impact and fire, but each has unique challenges. Vaults must be properly
ventilated and designed to not create an explosion or asphyxiation risk. Direct burial vessels should not
have any underground leak points and must be protected from corrosion. Both…

Category: Storage
Keywords: Underground, Tank, Ventilation

The code used for repair and alterations of an existing system depends on the code used for construction as well as on the requirements imposed by the jurisdiction. Note that getting a permit from the jurisdiction may be necessary for an extensive alteration.

Code of ConstructionGenerally Accepted Code for Repair and Alterations…
Category: Piping
Keywords: Piping, Codes

The requirements of the code used for the original construction apply. The piping may meet the requirements of more than one code. In which case, the code used for changing the rating may be different than the original code of construction. In any case, the re-rated system should meet all of the requirements of the selected code. Note that if the original proof test of the system was…

Category: Piping
Keywords: Codes, Piping, Requirements

At least three of the ASME B31 piping codes are logical choices:

  • ASME B31.1, Power Piping
  • ASME B31.3, Process Piping
  • ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines

Considerations for code selection include:

  • Requirements imposed by the authority having jurisdiction, whether by direct reference or…
Category: Piping
Keywords: Piping, Codes, Requirements

This production rate of hydrogen of about 96 kg/h is quite significant, which depending upon the application might require a significant amount of storage. There will be a need to determine how many kg the project wants to store from this production rate in order to determine how much hydrogen ground storage is needed. Since the project is in Europe, look for pressure vessel manufacturers that…

Category: Storage
Keywords: Storage, Gas, Pressure Vessel, Manufacturer, Production

Hydrogen cylinders contain pure hydrogen unless they are specifically manufactured for and marked as a mixture. The purity grade is usually between 99.5% and 99.9999%. The balance is typically inert gases (such as nitrogen) with just ppm levels of other contaminants, but this can vary depending upon the production source. When emptied, the residual is still the same purity of hydrogen, just at…

Category: Storage
Keywords: Storage, Cylinder
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