The “Hydrogen Ready Appliances Assessment Report” published by the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) in February, 2023, is one of the most recent studies on this topic.  Several key items from the report pertaining to this question include the following:

1.    “There appears to be growing consensus that blends of up to 20% or perhaps even 30% are…

The Panel recommends performing a pressure test at 110% of design pressure. This requirement should be applied to all systems regardless of construction type since the intent is to ensure pressure integrity and proper installation. All fitting types have modes of failure during installation. For example, there are numerous examples where compression fittings have had ferrules installed…

The HSP recommends against the use of glycols for pressure tests due to the difficulty of adequately removing all glycol that might be left in a system after a hydrotest. The HSP recommends a pneumatic test at 110% of the system maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), which is acceptable by code. Due to an increased danger with pneumatics vs hydrotesting, establish a pressure test zone for…

The water vapor cloud formed from venting cold hydrogen gas from a liquid hydrogen tank will vary in size depending upon atmospheric conditions including ambient temperature and humidity. There is not a direct relationship between the water vapor cloud and the flammable could of hydrogen, but it’s often used as a proxy. 

Initially upon release, it is possible that H2 vapor from…

Yes, although not as common as high-pressure gas releases, high-velocity cold H2 gas has ignited during rupture disc and relief valve activation.

The purity required will be a function of the end use application. There are a variety of grades of hydrogen that can be purchased. The H2 purity will also vary based on source (GH2 or LH2) and production method. CGA G-5.3, Commodity Specification for Hydrogen, lists several typical purities of both liquid and gaseous hydrogen. Standard GH2 available from most suppliers is 99.95% hydrogen.…

A design condition for vent stacks is to always assume that the hydrogen will ignite. The stack musts be designed such that it can withstand those conditions as well as minimize radiation to surrounding personnel and exposures. Although hydrogen fires have comparatively low radiation compared to hydrocarbon fuels, the radiation from large releases from vent stacks can be quite high. Documents…

Hydrogen flames can be nearly invisible in daylight, especially at low flowrates. The concentration of hydrogen does not have much effect on the color of the flame. Many hydrogen incidents or fires will have a bright orange hue, or even yellow flames. The color is primarily caused by contaminants that is either naturally in the air in certain environments, swept into the air during the release…

Store flammable gas cylinders such as hydrogen, separated from oxidizing (e.g. oxygen), toxic, pyrophoric, corrosive, and reactive Class 2, 3, or 4 gases. Non-reactive gases, such as helium, may be co-located. See codes and standards such as NFPA 2 [7.2.1.1 Incompatible Materials] for further guidance.

Hydrogen affects the mechanical properties of most materials. For example, hydrogen reduces the
fracture toughness and increases the fatigue crack growth rate in steels. There is a significant amount of
research, analytical work, and codes and standards development being undertaken to improve our
understanding of how these materials can be utilized in pipelines. The results of the…