A "drop and swap" delivery system using tube trailers is a common and accepted method of supply for both industrial and fueling station applications. While NFPA 2 - 2023, paragraph 10.6.3.5 states, "The use of hose in a hydrogen dispensing system shall be limited to vehicle fueling hose," this is intended for the dispenser itself, not the entire fueling station. This does not limit the use of…
Many methods are used to mitigate the risk of a tube trailer hose loss of containment incident. Examples that otherwise exceed code requirements are provided below. These have been deployed in various combinations depending on the risk analysis for a particular system:
Such a compressor should NOT be used for hydrogen. There are many issues with converting a compressor to hydrogen service. First and most important, this must be approved by the manufacturer. Examples of concerns for a non-hydrogen compressor used for hydrogen service include (but are not limited to):
Gaseous hydrogen can be stored forever as long as the system integrity is maintained. However, liquid hydrogen is “use it or lose it” and will boil from system heat leak and build pressure unless it is used or vented. This is not usually an issue for continuous use or low-pressure applications which can use hydrogen gas pressure directly from the tank.
For intermittent or high…
Even if a small experiment is being run inside a fume hood, the best practice is to use a dedicated vent line for hydrogen which vents hydrogen to a safe location outside. This is especially recommended for planned venting. This practice avoids situations where flammable mixtures could develop. Each system is unique and should be evaluated and approved for use independently…
The UN ECE R134 regulation is a good requirement to follow as it copies the language in the UN GTR #13 regulation. The updated version of this UN document (UN GTR #13 Phase 2) is currently in approval review at the GRSP in Geneva and should be approved by the end of 2023. Nevertheless, since the US Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is a contracting…
Detection systems are nearly always installed but the system design and installation details of detection equipment are up to the manufacturer. Standards are being developed for this market.
All systems must be designed for the applicable operating parameters such as pressure, temperature,
and flow. The sub-cooled liquid hydrogen (sLH2) approach for fueling is comparable to other processes
commonly used to handle cryogenic liquids in the industrial gas industry where remaining gas is
condensed during the fill operation. These processes often operate above the critical…
Hydrogen has been used as a fuel to operate cars, buses, trucks, submarines, aircraft, forklifts, trains and virtually every type of mobile equipment. Each has special considerations which often drive specific requirements for that vehicle type. For example, higher g-loadings of rail operations and operations within tunnels are a couple considerations, but there are no significant barriers…
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