You mentioned vent stacks are not required to be purged. So, how do you prevent the creation of an explosive atmosphere in the hydrogen vent system?

The potential of an explosive atmosphere is inherent with any vent system and must be addressed through adequate design. Purging for most vent stacks is impractical due to availability or cost. In addition, and particularly for LH2 systems, the purge gas can cause potential safety issues. The primary way that explosive atmospheres are addressed is through ensuring that the design of the vent system can withstand an internal deflagration or detonation. This is not that difficult for smaller systems (less than 6”) but can be challenging when vent systems are larger and/or operate more as ducting than pipe. Where the vent system can’t be built strong enough for the potential internal overpressure, purging can be a necessary and prudent safeguard.

Additionally, the amount of O2 in the vent stacks is typically small (i.e. 1.22 scf /.1 lbs. in a 3” dia/25 ft tall vent stack). As hydrogen flows into the stack the time that there is a flammable (between 4 and 74%) region within the vent stack is also small.

For a detonation there must be the correct amount of hydrogen and oxygen. In a 3” vent stack, 25 ft tall there is ~ 1.25 cu ft of oxygen at atmospheric pressure. (=.1 lbs/.0032 lbmoles). The flammable range of H2 is 4-74% H2. At the stochiometric ratio, there is ~.0064 lbMoles of H2 that can react with the O2 in the vent stack. This represents ~.013 lb of h2 that can react. This is quite small amount energy release.

Calculations

Radius – 1.5”
Piping Volume = (1.5/12)^2*3.14*25 ft = 1.22 scf
Weight – 1.22 scf/12.08 scf/lb =.1 lb
Moles - .1 lb/32 lb/lbmole =.0032 lbmoles

H2 + ½ O2 = H20
.0064+.0032 = .0064
.0064 lb moles H2 X 2lb/lb mole = .0128 lb H2