Reusing flowback water and produced water from active wells becomes more and more important in today's oil and gas operations to control surface water volumes in order to keep surface water-disposal costs (reinjection or trucking off the premises) to a minimum, especially in operations that do not require secondary-lift support. However, reusing untreated produced and flowback water in workover and completion operations can promote bacteria growth both above and below ground.
Water produced from oil and gas wells is a perfect environment for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and certain types of acid-forming bacteria (AFB) because of its anaerobic nature [less than 2 ppm (O(2)) content] and high nutrients content (e.g., organics, free iron). Reuse of water introduces enough oxygen through regular pumping operations to allow aerobic bacteria to grow mostly slime-forming bacteria (SFB) and other species of AFB. The oxygen content is high enough for aerobic bacteria to grow but is too low to kill anaerobic bacteria. The oxygen content will cause the anaerobic bacteria to stay in a biostatic state that does not kill them, but prevents them from multiplying.
As soon as the bacteria find an environment that is conducive to growth, they will become active again and start multiplying. The anaerobic environment in the formation is ideal for growth of bacteria such as SRB and certain types of AFB. The aerobic environment of the wellbore is conducive for SFB and certain types of AFB. The growth of SRB will not only lead to health and safety (H&S) concerns because of increased sour-gas or hydrogen sulfide (e.g., H,S) production, but also to a slow souring of the formation. This also increases operation expenses because of added corrosion (H(2)S pitting, stress cracking, microbiologically influenced corrosion) in surface and increases subsurface tubulars and related prevention expenses. Other challenges in production can be related to AFB (pitting) and SFBs (emulsion like materials may form).
Different methods can be applied to prevent bacteria growth and reduce operational expenses related to corrosion prevention, remediation of corrosion effects, and remediation of emulsified produced fluids. This paper will take a closer look at the methods of aeration, chlorine-based applications (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide), and biocide application.
The different methods will be compared through laboratory tests, actual field application, and a rating system. The rating system incorporates environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) concerns, operational application/considerations, effectiveness of the method, and cost.
Each method will be discussed and the pros and cons presented. The pros and cons will be supported by laboratory and field data. The conclusion portion of the paper will discuss why and how the current method of application was chosen and discuss future improvements and testing.