State policy targets on greenhouse gas emission reductions and other decarbonization initiatives are creating a movement toward low or zero-carbon gases and fuels. Given its versatility as an energy carrier and its potential for use in a broad range of applications, hydrogen is gaining in popularity, and natural gas providers are looking at integrating it into their networks. To better understand the impacts of blending hydrogen in the natural gas system on household appliances, Cadeo conducted a literature review and performed interviews with subject matter experts and market stakeholders.
Hydrogen integration initiatives are happening all over the world. In the United Kingdom, pilot programs are incorporating 20% hydrogen blends in natural gas in public networks, and in the Netherlands, pilots have replaced natural gas with 100% hydrogen. Utilities in the United States are currently testing up to 20% hydrogen blends within their training facilities, and the Gas Technology Institute conducted laboratory research that indicates that the water heaters and furnaces tested can maintain performance and safety with a 30% hydrogen blend in natural gas.
In general, the compilation of different studies indicates that there are limited performance impacts on existing appliances up to 20% hydrogen, and recent evidence suggests the value could be higher. However, there is an upper limit at which existing equipment can operate before appliance modifications are needed to burn 100% hydrogen.