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Deflagration and Explosion

Industrial Accident Initial Conditions:

• Various H2-air mixture compositions (4% - 75%)
• Various geometry environment
  • Open geometry (external explosions): outside buildings, little influence of partial confinement and obstacles (in containment such as dome area)
  • Partially confined: limitation in space, geometrical limitations (semi-open configurations; near wall, roof; etc)
  • Confined explosions (internal explosions) inside rooms, compartments, pipes, etc
• Various congestion
  • High: high space blockage by pipework, cabling, repeating obstacles, etc
  • Medium: intermediate level of  space obstruction
  • Low: open space with little blockage of the flame propagation path
• Ignition source

EHA : Membership
Established in 2000 with 5 national associations, currently representing 21 national associations and the main European companies active in hydrogen infrastructure development

JRC's Mission and Role is to provide EU policies with independent, evidence-based scientific and technical support throughout the whole policy cycle

Direct research:
JRC is the European Commission's in-house science service and the only DG executing direct research; providing science advice to EU policy

Hydrogen - Potential role in the energy chain

• Helps integrating RES in the energy chain putting a value on excess production while reducing the need for subsidies
• Helps balancing the electricity networks
• Helps the integrated and more cost –effective operation of electricity and natural gas grids, therefore
• Reconciling renewables and fossil fuels in a new dynamic equilibrium
• Creating new opportunities for decarbonisation in transport sector (HCNG, SNG and FC cars)
• Provides for higher levels of EE (in micro-CHP, FC cars)

Hydrogen is an energy carrier with great potential for clean, efficient power instationary, portable and transport applications. It can also improve energy efficiency in transportand contribute strongly to mitigating climate change - especially when produced by renewable primary energy sources.

Potential role of hydrogen as energy carrier to contribute to low carbon EU energy and transport system is recognized by EU policy-makers and described in A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050, Energy roadmap 2050, SET-Plan, Transport White paper, Proposal for directive Alternative Fuels infrastructure.

Milestones 2025

• Fuel cells for electric vehicle drives and hydrogen infrastructure for comprehensive, emission-free mobility, with
  • more than 500 public hydrogen fuelling stationsnationally,
  • over half a million fuel cell carson the road and
  • 2,000 fuel cell busesin line service operation within the public transport system
• Hydrogen generation from renewable energies and integration in the energy system as a link between sustainable mobility and energy supply
  • 1,500 MW electrolysis capacityfor the generation of hydrogen from renewable energies
  • definition and implementation of successful business models for power to gas
  • development of hydrogen storage mechanismsto store renewable electricity
• Fuel cells for stationary energy supply using decentralized cogeneration in house and building supply, industry and a secure power supply for public safety communication systems, telecommunications, etc.
  • more than half a million fuel cell heating appliancesin operation
  • more than 1,000 MW fuel cell CHP installations in operation  
  • more than 25,000 secure power supply installations in place

Tax reductions and exemptions:

The Ministry of Finance announced in Dec, 2011 that a total of 49 domestically made electric and fuel cell passenger vehicle models will be exempted from sales taxes, including 7 FCV models produced by SAIC (3), FAW(1), Shanghai Volkswagen(1), Chery(1) and Changan(1). In March 2012, the tax cuts policy for energy-saving and new-energy vehicles were announced, and according to the new policy, half vehicle tax is to be collected on 4 types of FC Buses.

Funding:

The Ministry of Finance announced Oct. 12, 2012 that the central government will allocate funding to support technological innovation projects in the nation‘s new energy auto industry. The funding will support new energy vehicles including electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The statement did not elaborate on the amount of funding.

Transportation

• Reduce oil imports by 1/3 by 2025

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

• By 2035, generate 80% of electricity from a diverse set of clean energy sources
• Make non-residential buildings 20% more energy efficient by 2020

Environmental

• Cut green house gas emissions to 17% below 2005 levels by 2020, and 83% by 2050

Federal Leadership

• Reduce Federal Greenhouse Gas emissions by 28% by 2020