International Energy Agency Hydrogen Implementing Agreement

Vision: The IEA HIA envisions a hydrogenfuture based on a clean,sustainable energy supply thatplays a key role in all sectors of theglobal economy.

Mission: Accelerate hydrogen implementation and widespread utilization.

Strategy: Task shared programs of

• Coordinated, innovative research
• Development and demonstration
• Information exchange

To eliminate or reduce safety related knowledge gaps, or insufficient data that inhibit the accelerated and widespread use of hydrogen energy:

• facilitate risk informed codes and standards;
• permitting and siting;
• affordability/availability of insurance;
• public perception and acceptance;
• system economics and design/engineering.

Releases:

• Impinging and wall attached jets and jet fires withthe associated heat transfer to set conditions for safe blowdown
• Properties and behaviour of cold hydrogen fromliquid releases Evaluate the effects of various LH2 spill quantities, spill-and-surrounding configurations, atmospheric conditions, ignition energy, and ignition time delays on resultant blast hazards.
• Further the understanding of ignition phenomena to allow suitable modelling - Perform systematic studies of the ignition energy of potential ignition sources in order to classify practical ignition sources as weak or strong initiators

Role of hydrogen in launch disasters?

• 28 jan 1986 Shuttle failure of an O-ring
• 4 june 1996 Ariane 5 software problem
• 12 dec 2002Ariane 5 Liquid pp engine design

1. Outline of Residential Fuel Cells (FC) Demonstration Project in Japan
2. Certification System for Residential FC in Japan
3. Insurance for Residential FC in Japan
4. Summary

OUTLINE

• Introduction Andrei V. Tchouvelev, AVT
• Industry Perspective:
  • Anne Marit Hansen, StatoilHydro
  • Sam Miyashita, ENAA
• Insurance Companies Perspective:
  • Guy Vercauteren, FM Global
  • Bob Golden, Allianz Corporate Solutions

Mostly damages in industrial accidents are resulted from explosions of combustible gases and among other combustible gases H2 has unique properties, which makes it one of the most dangerous agent.

Thus we are going to speak here about numericalmodeling of possible accidents in industry with H2

What are the tasks for CFD in safety: there is a need in better understanding andin development of complete modeling procedure with the view:

• to predict accident progress and consequences
• to develop efficient mitigation measures
• to provide reliable data base for rules, codes and standards
• to support development ofsafe hydrogen technologies

Article "How safe is Hydrogen?" by J. Hord: pp 615 Symposium Papers of the "Hydrogen for Energy Distribution" Lyon, France, July 24-28,1978!

• Provide analyses and experimental data to determine vapor cloud dispersion characteristics (near-field and far-field) resulting fromlarge liquid spills.
• Fires: Assess thermal radiation effects and the effects of water vaporabsorption.
• Evaluate existing fire control techniques: dry chemicals, foams, etc.as found useful in controlling LNG fires.
• Experimentally determine vaporization rates for large pools of liquidhydrogen (surface and material effects).
• Correlate analytical studies with experimental studies to determineliquid spreading rates, resulting from large liquid spills.
• Determine practical lower flammable limit for the propagation of openair explosions (8%+ H2-in-air?).
• Experimentally verify detonation in open air detonable clouds.(Evaluate strong initiator and the possibility of transition fromdeflagration to detonation in theabsence of turbulence inducers).

Flame Ignition Limits: Ignitable Gas Envelope Considerations

The ignitable gas envelope is importantto establishing separation distances forunintended releases of hydrogen.

• The extent of the ignitable gas envelopecan be based on several criteria. Which is best for Codes & Standardsdevelopment?
• For example:
  • Time-averaged H2concentrationfield  reveals extent of cloud withintraditional flammability limits (4% LFLto 75% RFL).
  • Do traditional (static) flammabilitylimits   provide a suitable measure ofignitability in turbulent flowingsystems?

CFD is a numerical method to solve the fluid governing equations that can not be solved in analytical form.

By means of numerical simulations of potential accident scenarios, CFD can provide relevant data for risk assessment of hydrogen technologies (estimates of accident consequences e.g. pressure and thermal loads of hydrogen explosions and jet fires)

CFD can provide a valuable contribution to the engineering design of safer hydrogen infrastructures and technologies

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