Hydrogen is widely produced and used in the process industries with growing use in the public domain. While the former area of focus would obviously necessitate process safety considerations, the latter involves activities such as transportation in which occupational safety issues for individuals are paramount. The current research addresses this issue by identifying several areas of application in the hydrogen economy for three key process safety concepts: (i) inherently safer design, (ii) safety management systems, and (iii) the use of case studies. This paper thus illustrates, by means of referenced examples, the transferable nature of key process safety concepts to various features of the emerging hydrogen economy. The primary thesis of this work is the notion that inherently safety design principles, safety management systems, and lessons learned from case histories have broader implications for safety than would be apparent by restricting their use solely to the process industries.

A hydrogen economy, the long-term goal of visionary nations, has the potential to provide energy security, along with environmental and economic benefits. The concept of a hydrogen energy economy was first conceived at The Hydrogen Economy Miami Energy (THEME) Conference, held in March 1974 in Miami, Florida, where the International Association for Hydrogen Energy was established. Forty years later, advances in hydrogen technologies have led the world's most developed countries to invest extensively in preparation for a future hydrogen-based economy. However, the transition from a conventional petroleum-based energy economy to a hydrogen economy involves many uncertainties regarding concerns such as the development of efficient fuel cell technologies, problems in hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure, hydrogen safety issues, and the response of carbon-based fuel markets. This paper presents an assessment of the economic impact of hydrogen energy on the transportation and energy use sectors of Nigeria, along with implications for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The analysis uses the Long range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) technology database and model to simultaneously consider the impact of alternative and conventional technologies and fuels on these sectors. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen distribution in the containment during severe accidents is an important safety issue of nuclear power plants operation. The detailed knowledge of the containment thermal-hydraulics is necessary for reliable predictions of pressure, temperature and gas distribution in the containment of the NPP during postulated accidents. For this purposes, the study of the International Standard Problem (ISP 47) has been started in 1999 with the test facilities TOSQAN, MISTRA and ThAI The paper presents the COCOSYS nodalisation of the TOSQAN test facility. The results are analysed and compared with the experimental values.

A total of 30 rabbits were selected. The animals were divided into equal 6 groups, 5 animals each. While a control group received no treatment (G1: normal), the animals of experimental groups (G2 to G6) were anesthetized and the labial gingivae of the upper and lower anterior teeth were painted with a layer of a mixture of a 35%2hydrogen peroxide solution and a bleaching agent during the application enamel bleaching utilizing a plasma arc lamp for three intervals, 20 minutes each. The animals were sacrificed after five intervals: (24 hours: G2, one week: G3, two weeks: G4, one month: G5 and two months: G6) subsequently. After each period of investigation, the gingiva of the rabbits were carefully dissected and prepared for transmission electron microscopy examination. The results revealed that bleaching effects on gingival tissue elements were of various degrees cellular and nuclear affections. Moderate to severe cellular and nuclear injuries may be produced as an early response to the bleaching effect. Subsequently, tissue injuries were of various degrees involving the different gingival tissue elements. [Mohamed G. Attia-Zouair, Heba A. Adawy and Mohamed M. Fekry Khedr. Ultrastructure of the Cellular Response of Rabbits' Gingivae to the Adverse Effects of Light Enhanced Bleaching. Life Sci J 2012;9(1):910-923]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 134

The use of hydrogen is increasing in industrial processes, and its use is likely to increase further with its potential use as an energy carrier. The venting of hydrogen is inevitable at some time for almost all uses, and its propensity to ignite makes it essential that safe venting regimes are understood. The options for disposal by dilution to below the lower flammable limit, inerting, dispersion of flammable concentrations and flaring are discussed, along with the potential for ignition of releases within the flammable range and the subsequent need for flame extinguishing. The available literature on the protection of vents from external ignition is critically examined, to determine the appropriate parameters to allow selection of a disposal method. A decision-tree is presented to allow a rational appraisal of the most appropriate disposal method to be selected and precautions to be applied for adequate protection of the vent.

BACKGROUND: Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is one of the most fungicides and pesticides. Acute and chronic poisoning from PCP may be occurred by dermal absorption, and respiration or ingestion. With respect to health and environmental effects of PCP, many methods were considered regarding its removal. Microwave assisted other methods are environmental friendly, safety, and economical method, consequently, in this study; microwave assisted with hydrogen peroxide (MW/H2O2) was used for PCP removal from aquatic solutions. METHODS: The possible of PCP removal was considered by application of a modified domestic microwave. PCP removal rate was considered under different factors such as H2O2 dose (0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mol/L), PCP concentration (100,200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000 mg/L), pH (3, 7, 11), energy intensity (180,450, 600W), COD (344mg/L), and scavenger testes (0.02 mol/L from each of Tert- butyl alcohol (TBA), NaCl, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3). The concentration changes of PCP were determined using spectrophotometer and HPLC spectra, respectively. RESULTS: The best PCP removal was obtained in condition of pH 11, 0.2 mol/L H2O2, and 600 W energy intensity. Moreover, COD removal in this condition was 83%2 Results obtained from radical scavengers indicated that OH had only an initiator role, and had not a dominant role, and order reaction was in first order. CONCLUSIONS: The results of microwave/H2O2 application showed that this process is suitable for removal of PCP and other chlorinated organic compounds in alkaline pH.

In order to carry out the basic and detail engineering for the construction of a wind-hydrogen energy demonstration plant (WHE Demo Plant), a review of the present standards for design, accesories and instrument specifications and safety data was performed, taking into account the needed knowledge for gaseous hydrogen handling in different pressure and temperature ranges. The construction and operation of the Heavy Water Industrial Plant - Planta Industrial de Agua Pesada (PIAP) in Arroyito, Argentina, in which great flows of pressurized hydrogen are involved, is an appreciable experience. An internal industrial safety standard (as part of the Quality Assurance Manual) was developed by the PIAP operation staff. In this work, the regulatory frames for the engineering design of the WHE Demo Plant are presented, and a summary of the safety aspects to be fulfilled in the design, building-up, starting-up, operation and maintenance of the plant is detailed. The involved items in this work are the following: Hydrogen handling safety standards and data, Hydrogen detectors. Piping design. Pressure vessels design. Accessories and instrumentation data.