We describe here a novel water electrolyzer-powered name ionization detector (EFID), characterized by enhanced portability, reduced cost of operation and improved safety of operation and storage, A conventional FID operates with a hydrogen diffusion name, which has a central now of pure hydrogen and column effluents, surrounded by a much higher coaxial now of pure air, In contrast, the EFID is based on the combustion of a premixed (unseparated), hydrogen and oxygen, stoichiometric gas mixture, ?his premixed gas mixture is provided by a simple water electrolyzer with low power and water consumption, without separation, compression, or pressure stabilization of the hydrogen and oxygen. The EFID is very similar to mo with two minor modifications: (a) The name tip must have a narrow hole (similar to 250 mu m) to prevent flame flashbacks, (b) The entire detector structure is maintained above 100 degrees C to prevent water condensation due to the lack of diluting air, The EFID sensitivity is similar to that of the FID, and up to twice improved detectivity is demonstrated with the EFID, The name chemical ionization yield of the EFID linearly increases with the electrolysis current. The EFID response is linear over almost 6 orders of magnitude, The response is selective to carbon compounds where the response in aliphatic compounds is similar to 30%2lower than with aromatic compounds, and no observable difference for N-, S-, P-, and Cl-containing compounds, The use of splitless solvent injections with a megabore column (0.53 mm i.d.) quenches the name, This name extinction is eliminated by the use of a miniature air pump during the solvent elution time, Typical electrolyzer operating parameters are current of 1.5 A, 12 mL/day water consumption and 4 W electrolyzer power requirements, Thus, a relatively small size water electrolyzer can provide the total gas consumption of the EFID for up to 40 days before water replenishing is required, This EFID can also be operated either as an EFID or as an FID, simply by replacing the gas sources.

Degradation of material properties by high-pressure hydrogen is an important factor in determining the safety and reliability of materials used in high-pressure hydrogen storage and delivery. Hydrogen damage mechanisms have a time dependence that is linked to hydrogen outgassing after exposure to the hydrogen atmosphere that makes ex situ measurements of mechanical properties problematic. Designing in situ measurement instruments for high-pressure hydrogen is challenging due to known hydrogen incompatibility with many metals and standard high-power motor materials such as Nd. Here we detail the design and operation of a solenoid based in situ tensile tester under high-pressure hydrogen environments up to 42 MPa (6000 psi). Modulus data from high-density polyethylene samples tested under high-pressure hydrogen at 35 MPa (5000 psi) are also reported as compared to baseline measurements taken in air. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

An accident modelling approach is used to assess the safety of a hydrogen station as part of a ground transportation network. The method incorporates prevention barriers associated to human factors, management and organizational failures in a risk assessment framework. Failure probabilities of these barriers and end-states events are predicted using Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis respectively. Results from the case study considered revealed the capability of the proposed method in estimating the likelihood of various outcomes as well as predicting their future probabilities. In addition, the scheme offers an opportunity to provide dynamic adjustment by updating the failure probability with actual plant data. Results from the analysis can be used to plan maintenance and management of change as required by the plant condition. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Several roadmaps and international projects are interested in the development of the hydrogen economy for the transportation system. Yet, the development of a hydrogen economy suffers from a lack of infrastructure to store and supply H-2 fuel to the refuelling stations, while at the same time, hydrogen can be just seen as one alternative among others to compete with the current fossil fuels. To determine if hydrogen is a competitive option, many scenarios must be assessed considering not only the cost as the target to determine the feasibility but, also environmental and safety objectives. This work is focused on the design of a hydrogen supply chain for deployment scenarios in the Midi-Pyrenees region in France based on multi-objective optimization. Specific constraints related to the energy sources have been integrated and a multi-period long-term problem is examined (2020-2050). Two solution strategies will be implemented to solve this multi-period problem: a global optimization through epsilon-constraint method and a sequential optimization through lexicographic and epsilon-constraint methods. The consideration of different geographical scales and the impact of the initiation step in the development of a sustainable supply chain have been highlighted. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nowadays there is a pressing need to implement changes in the global energy structure, such that it incorporates new features and changes the way that we use fossil fuels. In this scenario, hydrogen is projected as the fuel of the future. Among the possible modes that can be used for its transportation, the pipeline is singled out as it is the safest and the most economically viable means of transporting large quantities of the gas. However, accidents to pipelines have been recorded and they often result in catastrophic consequences for society. In this context, this paper proposes novelties in multidimensional risk assessment for the transportation of hydrogen by pipeline. Thus, a multicriteria decision model is proposed, using multiattribute utility theory, which incorporates the behavior of a decision maker and considers three dimensions of risk assessment: the human, financial and environmental dimensions. By taking these into consideration, the decision maker may well get precious and differentiated information about the risk management of pipelines. (C) 2010 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

{BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The safety of allograft material has come under scrutiny because of recent reports of allograft-associated bacterial and viral infections in tissue recipients. Gamma irradiation, although being one of the most effective ways of terminal sterilization, has been shown to affect the biomechanical properties of allograft bone. It may also have detrimental effects on the osteoinductivity of allograft material such as demineralized bone matrix (DBM) by the denaturation of proteins because of heat generated by irradiation. Sterilization of DBM material is an important variable in processing graft materials. This is considered to be one of the factors leading to different fusion rates observed with different commercially available DBM products, as the sterilization procedure itself may affect the osteoinductivity of the material. Currently, there is no ideal sterilization technique that limits the detrimental effect on osteoinductivity and fusion rates. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a range of hydrogen peroxide exposures with or without the controlled high-dose gamma irradiation after processing with radioprotectant solutions (Clearant radiation sterilization procedure) on the fusion rates of human DBM. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective in vivo animal study. METHODS: Eighty mature athymic nude female rats were used for this study, which formed 10 equal groups. Human DBM exposed to hydrogen peroxide for different time periods (0, 1, 6, and 24 hours) was divided into two major subgroups. One group was further treated with controlled high-dose radiation using radioprotectants (radiation treated), whereas the other group was frozen immediately without specific treatment (non-radiation treated). Both radiation-treated and non-radiation-treated DBM material from each group of hydrogen peroxide exposure times were implanted between L4 and L5 transverse processes of the rats forming eight test groups including eight animals in each. The remaining 16 rats were divided into two additional groups to form negative (only decortication

This paper analyzes safety aspects inside a Fuel Cell vehicle using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools. The research considers an introduction of a leak of hydrogen inside the vehicle, and its dispersion for a set of typical ventilation conditions is analyzed. The leak of hydrogen has been modelled according to the properties of hydrogen and depending on the pressure difference between the hydrogen storage tank (200 bar) and the atmosphere. The parameters considered for the simulations are the flow rate of cabin ventilation air and hydrogen's leak. The results obtained for the hydrogen molar concentration are investigated in different sections of the vehicle. Significant differences between front and rear areas are observed, with higher hydrogen concentrations near the rear ventilation vents. The volume of the vehicle within ignition risk (4-75%2hydrogen concentration) is also investigated. Finally, different risk mitigation measures are also proposed. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Olive oil is an important source of mono-unsaturated fat and a prime component of the Mediterranean diet. The beneficial health effects of olive oil are due to both its high content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and its high content of anti-oxidative substances. The objective of this study was to investigate the basis for the epidemiological information relating to the health benefits associated with the consumption of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). For this purpose, the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wings of Drosophila melanogaster was applied to evaluate the antigenotoxic activity of six different EVOOs from four Spanish varieties (Hojiblanca, Nevadillo, Casta de Cabra, Picual). A two-level approach was followed: (1) determination of the lack of genotoxicity along with the antigenotoxic activity of EVOOs, through antigenotoxicity assays, with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidative genotoxin, and (2) evaluation of the properties of three major distinctive components of EVOOs that could be responsible for their antigenotoxic activity. The EVOOs tested are shown to be non-genotoxic; they exhibited antigenotoxic activity against the effects of hydrogen peroxide. Triolein, tyrosol and squalene did not show genotoxic effects in the proliferative imaginal cells of D. melanogaster. The three components were antigenotoxic when combined with soybean oil, only triolein and tyrosol showed a clear desmutagenic effect when combined with hydrogen peroxide. Our results confirm the safety of EVOOs and their health-protective effects. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Computational fluid dynamic simulations have been performed in order to study the consequences of a hydrogen release from a pressure swing adsorption installation operating at 30 barg. The simulations were performed using FLACS-Hydrogen software from GexCon. The impact of obstruction, partial confinement, leak orientation and wind on the explosive cloud formation (size and explosive mass) and on explosion consequences is investigated. Overpressures resulting from ignition are calculated as a function of the time to ignition. Crown Copyright (C) 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Steam chemical reactivity experiments were conducted for several ITER-like tokamak plasma-facing-component (PFC) materials: NB31 and NS31 carbon fiber composites (CFCs), W-1%2a, DShG-200 Be, and Be.(S65C and-Ka-wecki PO Ductile Be) specimens irradiated to fast neutron fluences ranging from 5 x 10(19) to 1 x 10(21) n/cm(2). Experiments were performed at 800-1100 degreesC for CFC, 550-1000 degreesC for W-1%2a, 500-900 degreesC for unirradiated Be, and 600-800 degreesC for irradiated Be. Average hydrogen generation rates are presented for these new measurements as a function,of temperature, and the results are compared to previous studies on similar materials. In general, the new results extend the temperature and material range from previous studies, are consistent with previous work, and provide Arrhenius-type hydrogen generation expressions useful for safety assessment calculations. Little irradiation influence on oxidation behavior was observed for Be irradiated to 1 x 10(21) n/cm(2), whereas significant influence was observed in previous tests on Be irradiated to 5 x 10(22) n/cm(2). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.